^, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


4 


4^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


Hi    125 


u  KU 


■  2  2 


Ij^ 


1.4 


12.0 

m 

1.6 


^ 


'/ 


4^^. 


^^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microraproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  hlstoriques 


1980 


Tachnical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquas 


Tha  Inatituta  haa  attcmptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographlcally  uniqua. 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tfta  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


E 


D 
D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


Colourad  covars/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


f~~|   Covars  damagad/ 


Couvartura  andommag^e 


Covars  rastorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  rastaurAa  at/ou  palliculAa 


Covar  titia  missing/ 

La  titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


l~~|    Coloured  maps/ 


D 


Cartas  gAographiques  en  coulaur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encra  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noira) 


□   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
RaliA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  neut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutc^as 
iors  Qjne  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mar.  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  iti  film^es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentairec  suppl^mentaires: 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm^  ko  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  4t*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
da  cat  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mAthode  norrnale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 
D 
13 
D 


n 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  andommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et.  ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es.  tachetAes  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 


I      I    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Qualiti  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplimentaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponibie 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieilement 
obdcurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  M  film^es  A  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meiileure  image  possible. 


3 

DOX 

This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ca  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 

14X                             18X                            22X 

1 

26X 

30X 

7 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Nova  Scotia  Public  Archives 


L'exemplaire  fiimd  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g^n^rosit^  do 

Nova  S«':otia  Public  Archives 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condJ*,on  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
oeginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet^  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  et  en 
conformit6  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim6e  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
idrnidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  dillustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas   Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  dillustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  I* 
cas:  le  symbole  — ^  signifie   "A  SUIVRE"   le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvont  dtre 
fitm^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  film*  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supirieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m*thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 

> 

THE 

Al 

THE 

I 

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TRAI 

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COHC 

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THE 

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- 

Pisbli 

ir«4*Mttatoi  ^_ 

TiMTaMMr  ua  aM  tWc 
T '    t  Uka  f laditton  w«  muat  neat  lur  warn.— ii«<M. 


25  CENTS 


EDITED  BY 
JOHN  CLARK  KIDPATH,   LL.U. 


May,  1897 


THE  CITIZEN  AND  HIS  CITT; 
AND  ITS  CITIZEN    .... 


THE  CITT 

Hon.  John  Boyd  Thacher 

Mayor  of  Albany,  N.  Y 
THE  NATIONAL  CONGRESS  OF  MOTHERS:  .   «.  ^    ^ 

I.  AN  INSIDE  VIEW •    •  ^^^^^  A-  Richardion    •    • 

ADDENDUM Ez'Oov.  JohnW.Hoyt,LL.D 

II.  AN  0VT8IDE  VIEW  . Frederick  Reed    ... 

WHY  THE  PEOPLE  ARE  "SHORT"    ...    Hon.  H.  8.  Pingree  ■    .    . 

Governor  of  Michigan 

TRADE  UNIONS  UNDER  THE  SOLONIC  LAW   Hon.  C.  Osborne  Ward  .    . 

Interpreter  to  the  Department  of  Labor,  Washington,  D.  C 

CANADA:    ITS    POLITICAL    DEVELOPMENT 

AND  DESTINT -    Hon.  J.  0.  Bonrinot,  C.  M.  0 

Clerk  of  the  Canadian  House  uf  Commons 

THE  STATUS  OF  WOMAN,  PAST,  PRESENT, 

AND  FUTURE Susan  B.  Anthony     .    .    • 

OUR  DIPLOMATIC  AND  CONSULAR  SERVICE    Hon.  Herbert  H.  D.  Peiroe 

Secretary  of  Legation  at  St.  Petershiirj; 

CONCILIATION  ra.  ARBITRATION Prof.  Conrtenay  de  Xalb 

A  WOMAN  FROM  ALTRURIA   .......    Gertrude  G.  de  Aguirre 

SEPULTURE  OF  THE  LIVING •    Marvin  Dana,  F.  R.  G.  S.  • 

FALLING  PRICES  AND  IMPOVERISHMENT   Hulbert  Fuller,  M.  D.  . 

MALADMINISTRATION   OF    THE    POST- 
OFFICE  DEPARTMENT Hon.  Walter  Clark,  LL.  D. 

Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina 

THE  SANITATION  OF  DRINKI'^a  WATER     .    Frank  J.  Thornbury,  M.  D. 

Of  the  University  of  Buffalo,  N.  Y 

THE  DJINNS  :    A  Poem  ffrom  Victor  Hugo) .    •    Hubert  M.  Skinner  .    •    • 
THE  SENATE  AND  THE  HOUSE The  Editor 


T;BE  EDITOR'S  EVENING      •    •    - 

UTOTTOB    }t1^*  Sto^y  of  Canada;  A  Bard  of  the  Transmissouri 

ARENA  COMPANY 

PIBRCB  BUILDmO,  COPLKT  8QUARB 

BOSTON 


Publishea  Monthly 


BRBNTAHO'S,  17  RUB  DB  L'OPBRA 
LIBSAIRIB  GALtOBAin,  014  RUB  SB  RIVOU 

PARIS 

OonrlghUIMT.  AkH§Mi 


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857 
863 
864 
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966 
969 
975 

982 


Per  Annum,  $3.00 


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TBADB  UNIONS   UNDEtt  THE  80LON1C   LAW.  886 

and  restored  their  right  of  organization,  which  this  renowned  orator  had 
suppressed,  lost  botli  his  property  and  his  life  in  thut  very  struggle  ; 
that  Julius  Ceesar  suppressed  their  organizations  again ;  tliat  Christianity 
was  welcomed  by  them,  and  nestled  and  grew  in  the  warm,  loving 
brotherhoods;  that  Nero  ignited  the  conflagration  which  consumed 
Rome,  and  boasted  that  he  did  it  to  destroy  tliis  nibble  because  tiietr 
existence  was  a  menace  to  the  power  and  sacred  supremacy  of  the 
house  of  Claudius,  of  which  he  imagined  himself  a  lineal  descendant. 

But  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  conclusion  arrived  at  by  this 
analysis  of  evidence  is,  that  the  organization  of  labor  to-day  was 
largely  planted  and  cultivated  in  the  mellow  ground  of  these  ancient 
brotherhoods,  and  that  it  lives  and  flourishes  because  it  was  nourished 
in  secrecy  by  them  until  it  could  stand  alone. 

Such  is  the  strange  account,  in  outline,  of  labor  under  the  Solonic 
law. 


CANADA:  ITS  POLITICAL  DEVELOPMENT  AND  DESTINY. 


BY  J.   G.   BOURINOT,   C.  M.  G.,  LL.  D.,  D.  C.  L., 

Clerk  of  the  Canadian  House  of  Common*. 


THIRTY  years  have  passed  away  since  the  Canadian  Provinces 
entered  ui>on  a  new  era  of  political  development,  and  whatever 
may  be  the  defects  of  tlieir  fedciul  system,  it  must  be  admitted 
that  it  has  on  the  whole  come  up  to  the  expectations  of  its  founders. 
Already  the  Confederation,  oiiginally  confined  to  four  provinces, 
embraces  all  the  teriitory  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans. 
Within  a  few  years  a  new  province  has  grown  up  in  tlie  vast  North- 
west, whose  natural  capabilities  for  the  cultivation  of  cereals  are  now 
generally  recognized ;  whence,  in  the  course  of  a  few  decades  of  years,  a 
considerable  proportion  of  the  world's  supply  of  wheat  must  come.  One 
great  railway  which  had  been  long  vainly  desired  by  the  people  of  Brit- 
ish North  America,  was  built  soon  after  the  consolidation  of  tlie  prov- 
inces, and  the  western  country  connected  with  the  provinces  by  the 
sea.  A  greater  work,  clearly  of  imperial  as  well  as  colonial  interest, 
absolutely  essential  to  the  settlement  of  the  Noithwest  and  to  the  unity 
of  the  Dominion,  has  been  completed  between  the  Pacific  Ocean  and 
the  old  provinces.  Short  lines  of  railway  have  been  built  to  connect 
with  the  three  great  roads  of  the  Dominion,  the  Intercolonial,  the 
Canadian  Pacific,  and  the  Grand  Trunk.  The  canals  have  been 
enlarged  so  as  to  give  greater  facilities  for  Western  traffic,  and,  if 
possible,  to  make  the  St.  liawrence  the  principal  artery  for  the  rich 
agricultural  country  which  lies  around  and  beyond  the  Lakes.  Man- 
ufactures have  sprung  up  through  the  artificial  stir  I  us  given  to 
capital  and  industry  by  a  fiscal  policy  which,  whatever  English  econo- 
mists may  think  of  its  soundness,  and  however  much  it  may  be 
antagonistic  to  those  principles  of  free  trade  which  prevail  in  Great 
Britain,  seems  to  have  originated  in  the  aspii'ations  of  a  large  body  of 
the  people  to  possess  a  "  national  policy."  Tlie  aggregate  tmde  of  the 
Dominion,  that  is  of  the  imports  and  exports,  has  increased  in  twenty- 
five  years  from  $136,000,000  to  |<255,000,000,  and  the  revenue  has 
doubled  within  the  same  period.  The  people  have  now  on  deposit  at 
interest  in  the  various  banks,  loan,  building,  and  other  companies  prob- 
ably $120,000,000,  or  $24  for  every  man,  woman,  and  child  in  Canada. 
In  addition  to  ii3  effect  upon  the  material  condition  of  the  coun- 
try, confederation  has  stimulated  the  intellectual  development  of  the 
people.     Educational   facilities  have   been  improved ;  the  newspaper 


CANADA:    1TB   POLITICAL  DEVELOPMENT   AND   DESTINY.         887 

press  has  largely  increnxod  in  influence,  and  not  a  few  works  of  his- 
torical and  ct)iistituti<)n5il  viilue  have  been  produced  by  Canadian 
authors  ;  while  art,  Hciontifie,  and  literary  iissociations — especially  the 
Royal  Society,  founded  by  tiie  Marquis  of  Lome  —  have  been  stimu- 
lated under  the  inspimtioii  of  the  more  progressive  ideas  which  have 
been  tlie  outcome  of  a  political  system  which  has  given  a  wider  scope 
to  intellectual  action. 

But  the  most  iniportiint  result  of  confederation  has  undoubtedly 
been  the  more  intimate  political,  social,  and  commercial  relations  that 
the  provinces  have  with  each  otlier.  Previous  to  1867,  while  each 
province  had  a  government  and  tariff  of  its  own,  little  intercourse  was 
possible,  but  now  the  Maritime  and  Western  sections  are  brought  neces- 
sarily into  immediate  contact  with  one  another,  and  made  to  feel  that 
they  have  a  common  interest  in  each  other's  prosperity.  The  different 
races  that  inhabit  Canada  have  been  harmonized  to  an  extent  that 
would  hardly  have  been  possible  under  any  other  system.  The  million 
and  a  half  of  people  who  s{>eak  the  French  language,  and  still  form-  a 
distinct  section  of  the  population,  are  found  working  earnestly  with 
the  English-H peaking  majority  in  promoting  the  interests  of  the  whole 
Dominion.  Yet  half  a  century  ago  the  French  Canadian  people  were 
in  rebellion.  If  we  find  them  now  happy  and  contented,  it  is  because 
they  have  at  last  attained  that  self-government  for  which  they  so  long 
contended  previous  to  1840,  and  have  special  guarantees  for  the  preser- 
vation of  tliose  institutions  to  which  they  are  deeply  attached.  In  the 
same  way  the  Irish  are  seen  working  alongside  the  English  and  French 
for  the  advancement  of  those  interests  in  which  all  are  equally  inter- 

es^tedi.. 

/  When  fmming  the  constitution  of  the  Dominion,  Canadian  states- 
men  Iiad  before  them  the  invaluable  experience  of  the  working  of  two 
great  systems  of  government  —  the  one  in  the  parent  state,  the  other 
in  the  United  States.  In  considering  the  best  method  of  consolidating 
the  provinces  under  a  fedeml  system  they  were  necessarily  guided  by 
the  experiences  of  the  great  country  on  their  borders.  At  the  same 
time,  while  availing  themselves  of  the  best  features  of  the  American 
federation,  they  endeavored  to  preserve  as  far  as  possible  those  English 
institutions  which  are  calculated  to  give  stability  to  their  government. 
The  result  of  their  efforts  is  a  constitution  which,  in  the  words  of  the 
original  resolutions  of  confederation,  «^  follows  the  model  of  the  British 
constitution,  so  far  as  our  circumstances  will  permit." 
£ The  history  of  the  circumstances  under  which  the  name  "  Domin- 
ion "  came  to  be  given  to  the  united  provinces  shows  the  desire  of  the 
Canadians  to  give  to  the  confedei-ation,  at  the  very  outset,  a  monarchical 
likeness  in  contradistinction  to  the  republican  character  of  the  Americftn 


888  THE   ARENA. 

federal  union.  We  have  it  on  tlie  best  authority  that  in  1866-7  the 
queHtion  .""ose  during  a  conference  between  the  Canadian  delegates  and 
the  inipe....i  authorities  what  name  should  be  given  to  the  confederation 
of  the  provinces,  and  it  was  tirat  proiMwed  tliat  it  should  be  called  **  the 
kingdom  of  Canada"; but  it  is  said  that  the  English  ministry  thought 
such  a  designation  inadvisable,  chiefly  on  the  ground  that  it  would  be 
probably  objectionable  to  the  government  of  the  United  States,  wliich  had 
80  recently  expressed  iU>  disa]>probtttion  of  the  attempt  of  the  Emperor 
Napoleon  to  establish  an  imperial  European  dynasty  in  Mexico.  It  is 
d'ilicult  to  understand  how  any  {miullel  could  be  fairly  drawn  between 
the  two  cases,  and  most  persons,  less  sensitive  than  the  English  minis- 
ters, will  probably  consider  tliat  it  was  paying  but  a  poor  compliment  to 
the  common  seme  of  the  Ameiican  people  to  suppose  that  they  could 
take  o£fence,  on  any  reasonable  grounds,  at  the  Canadians,  the  subjects 
of  tlie  Queen,  calling  tlieir  confederation  by  a  name  which  would  simply 
illustrate  their  attachment  to  those  monarchical  institutions  under  which 
tUpy  hare  been  living  for  a  hundred  and  thirty-four  years.  -Hoireref^- 
the  Canadian  delegates  made  due  allowance  for  the  delicacy  of  the  senti- 
ment of  the  imperial  government,  and  agreed  as  a  compromise  to  the  less 
ambitious  title.  Dominion  of  Canada,  a  designation  recalling  t^t  old 
Dominion,  named  by  Ralegh  in  honor  of  the  virgin  Queen.   \y^ 

The  Dominion  is  governed  by  a  central  government  in  accordance 
with  a  written  constitution  known  as  the  British  North  America  Act, 
while  each  province  still  retains  such  an  administrative  and  legislative 
machinery  as  is  essential  to  its  provincial  existence.  The  executive 
government  and  authonty  over  Canada  are  vested  in  the  Queen,  but  as 
the  sovereign  cannot  be  present  in  the  Dominion  to  perform  those  acts 
of  state  which  the  constitution  requires  at  her  hands,  she  is  represented 
by  a  Governor-General,  chosen  every  five  years  on  the  advice  of  her 
constitutional  advisero.  The  permanency  of  the  exc.utive  is  a  feature 
of  their  government  which  the  Canadians  have  learned  to  value  by  com- 
parison with  the  elective  system  of  the  United  States.  The  Governor- 
General  of  Canada  is  appointed  without  the  country  being  excited  by  a 
political  contest,  the  issue  of  which  at  times  is  dangerous  to  the  whole 
body  politic.  It  is-ouly  jiecessaiy  to  consider  the  crisis  through  which 
the  American  republic  has  so  recently  passed,  to  understand  tibe  nature 
oiJiie  peril  in  which  the  nation  finds  itself  every  four  years.  From 
such  dangers^  Canada  is  happily  free  under  her  constitution,  which 
makes  the  sovereign  the  peimanent  head  of  the  executive,  and  removes 
her  representative  from  the  turmoil  of  political  controversy.  In  the 
administration  of  public  afifairs,  the  Governor-General  is  guided  by  the 
advice  of  responsible  advisers,  representing  the  opinions  of  the  majority 
of  the  legislature.    In  Canada,  for  many  years  past,  the  policy  of  the 


L 


CANADA:   ITS   PUUTICAL  DKVIXOi'MENT   AND  DESTUnr.         880 

imperial  government  has  been  to  refuse  to  interfere  in  any  way  with  its 
domestic  affairs,  but  to  leave  them  entirely  in  the  hunds  of  tlie  Gov- 
emor  and  his  advisers,  who  act  in  such  matters  in  iiecordance  with  the 
well-known  principles  of  the  Biitish  constitutional  system.  It  is  oidy 
with  respect  to  questions  immediately  affecting  inii)eriul  interests,  es^te- 
cially  the  relations  of  the  empii-e  with  foreign  nations,  that  the  Gov- 
ernor can  be  said  to  be  thrown  to  any  extent  on  liLs  own  resiransibility 
as  an  imperial  officer.  Even  in  such  nmttei-s  he  will  generally  find  it 
necessary  to  consult  his  colonial  advisers,  though  he  may  not  consider 
himself  bound  to  adopt  tlieir  advice.  In  these  ctises  he  can  only  follow 
the  instructioQa  of  the  goveniment  of  which  he  is  the  accredited  rep- 
resentative.   ^  • 

As  in  England,  the  Canadian  miniHtiy  is  pmctically  a  committee 
of  the  dominant  party  in  parliament.  Here  again  we  have  evidence 
how  little  the  public  men  of  Canada  are  influenced  by  their  intercourse 
with  the  United  States.  A  thorough  study  of  the  British  system, 
wliich  requires  ministers  to  liave  seats,  and  receive  the  support  of  the 
majority,  in  parliament,  has  clearly  shown  to  Canada  its  advantages 
over  the  American  system.  After  an  experience  of  over  fifty  yeare  of 
the  working  of  responsible  government,  (Canadians  have  become  thor- 
oughly convinced  that  the  presence  in  the  legislature  of  a  body  of  men 
responsible  to  the  Commons  and  to  the  country  for  the  administration 
of  public  affairs  and  the  conduct  of  legislation,  has  decided  advantages 
over  a  system  which  gives  the  whole  executive  government  to  the 
President,  and  does  not  allov/  liis  ministers  to  sit  or  speak  in  either 
branch  of  Congress.  Whenever  it  is  necessary  to  fonn  a  ministry  in 
Canada,  members  are  summoned  by  the  Governor-General  to  the  Privy 
Council  of  Canada ;  another  illustration  of  the  desire  of  the  Canadians 
to  imitate  the  old  institutions  of  the  parent  state,  and  copy  their  time- 
honored  names. 

The  Parliament  of  Canada  consists  of  the  Queen,  the  Senate,  and 
a  House  of  Commons.  In  the  constitution  of  the  upper  cliamber  or 
Senate,  there  has  been  an  attempt  to  give  it  a  shade  of  resemblance 
to  the  distinguished  body  of  the  same  name  in  the  United  States.  In 
the  formation  of  the  Canadian  Senate,  each  province  has  not  the  same 
number  of  Senators,  as  is  the  case  with  the  States  of  the  American 
republic ;  but  three  geog^phical  groups  were  arranged  in  the  first 
instance,  consisting  of  Ontario,  Quebec,  and  the  Maritime  Provinces,  and 
to  each  group  was  allotted  a  representation  of  twenty-four  members. 
More  recently  new  provinces  have  been  admitted  into  the  Dominion 
without  reference  to  this  arrangement,  and  now  there  ai'e  altog^ether 
eighty-one  Senators  in  Parliament.  Between  the  functions  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  the  Canadian  Senate  and  those  of  the  American  body. 


890  THB  AKENA. 

there  is  no  analogy  whatever.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  haf 
inti'usted  to  it  under  the  comjtitution  much  larger  powers  than  are 
enjoyed  by  an  upper  chamber  in  the  British  parliamentary  system. 
Though  bills  raising  revenue  can  originate  in  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives only,  yet  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments  as 
in  other  bills;  a  privilege  which  the  English  or  Canadian  House  of 
Commons  will  not  concede  to  the  Lords  or  Senate.  The  American 
Senate  has  the  right  to  control  the  President  in  his  nomination  to  pub- 
lic offices,  and  to  review  the  treaties  that  he  may  make  ^vith  foreign 
nations.  The  Canadian  Senate,  on  the  other  hand,  is  simply  the  House 
of  Lords  without  the  prestige  or  influence  that  attaches  to  a  body  of 
hereditary  legislator.  Unde^sueh  circmniitttnces.  it  i&  easy  to  under- 
8taHd_tUat-tlie  Canadian  Senate  does  not  exercise  any  large  irrftaence 
on  theconduet of  public  affaira,  though  it  must  be  admitted  it  contains 
mapy  naen  of  great  ability  and  experience.  It  appears  to  be  paying 
the  penalty  of  being  modelled  after  a  House  which  originated  centu-  y^ 
ries  ago  when  parliamentaiy  institutions  were  in  course  of  developjueiit,  /^CJ 
and  the  House  of  Commons  had  not  the  great  power  it  now  possesses.         *^ 

The  House  of  CoDimons,  the  great  governing  body  of  the  Domin- 
ion, has  been  made,  so  far  as  circumstances  will  permit,  a  copy  of  the 
English  House.  Not  only  in  the  House  of  Commons  at  Ottawa,  but  in 
all  the  Assemblies  of  the  large  Provinces,  a  visitor  sees  the  Speaker 
and  Clerk  dressed  in  silk  robes,  the  gilt  mace  on  the  table,  the  sergeantr 
at-arms  in  his  official  costume,  the  membei-s  observing  the  time-honored 
rules  of  debate,  and  paying  that  respect  to  the  Chair  which  has  been 
always  a  characteiistic  of  the  English  House  of  Commons.  In  a  new 
country  some  of  these  forms  may  seem  antiquated  and  out  of  place, 
but  nevertheless  they  will  be  interesting  evidences  to  an  Englishman 
of  the  tenacity  with  which  the  people  of  a  great  colony  adhere  to 
British  customs  and  traditions.  The  couservatisra  of  ihe  Canaditms-in 
this  pa]licular~i»~th&  m€»'e  remarkable  when  we  consider  that  in  the 
patJiament -of '  Ccmarda  and  the  legislature  of  Quebec  there  are.ao  Joaapy 
members  speaking  the  French  language,  who  might  be  expected  not 
to  have  the  same  traditional  respects fof  the  ^d  forms  of  the  firitislir^ 
legialAtvH*e.  Out  of  the  two  hundred  and  thirteen  members  who  com- 
pose the  Cimadian  Commons,  a  few  address  the  house  from  time  to 
time  in  French ;  and  in  their  knowledge  of  parliamentary  rules  and  of 
the  working  of  parliamentary  institutions,  these  French  Canadians  are 
in  no  way  behind  the  English  majority. 

Of  the  two  hundred  andv^  thirteen  members  of  the  House  of 
Commons,  ninety-two  come  from  the^  great  Province  of  Ontario,  sixty- 
five  from  Qu^c,  and  the  remainder ;^rpm  the  maritime  and  smaller 
provinces.    ,  tn  rearranging  the   representation  after  each  decennial 

f 


CANADA:   ITS   POLITICAL  DEVELOPMENT  AND  DESTINY. 


891 


L 


census,  the  Act  o|  Union  provides  that  "there  shall  he  assigned  to 
each  of  the  other  pr6vyinces  such  a  number  of  members  as  will  bear  the 
same  proportion  i\o  thd^, number  of  its  population  (ascertained  at  such 
census)  as  the  numljer  sixty-five  beara  to  the  number  of  the  ^jopulation 
of  Quebec."  By  this  ingenious  arrangement,  originally  contrived  in  the 
interest  of  the  French  Canadian  section,  the  representation  is  kept  within 
certain  limits,  liable  to  very  slight  modifications  every  decade  of  years. 

We  have  in  the  foregoing  paragraphs  given  a  mere  summary  of  the 
leading  features  of  the  government  to  which  is  intrusted  the  work  of 
administration  and  legislation  for  the  Dominion.  This  government  has 
the  control  of  all  matters  affecting  trade  and  commerce,  currency  and 
coinage,  banking  and  the  issue  of  paper  money,  postal  affairs,  militia  and 
defence,  navigation  and  shipping,  fisheries,  Indians  and  Indian  lands, 
the  criminal  law,  patents  of  invention  and  discovery,  copyrights,  natu- 
ralization of  aliens,  railways  of  an  international  and  interprovincial 
cliaracter ;  and,  in  short,  of  all  matters  of  a  Dominion  or  national 
import.  It  alone  can  impose  and  collect  duties  on  imports  and  regulate 
the  general  trade  of  the  Dominion.  On  the  other  hand,  the  provinces 
legislate  separately  on  matters  of  a  purely  municipal  and  provincial 
nature,  such  as  direct  taxation  for  provincial  puiposes,  local  works  and 
undertakings,  incorporation  of  companies  for  provincial  objects,  property 
and  civil  rights,  establishment,  maintenance  and  management  of  hospi- 
tals, asylums,  and  charitable  institutions  generally,  excepting  marine 
hospitals. 

In  each  province  of  the  Dominion  there  is  a  legislature  generally 
composed  of  a  Lieutenant-Governor  and  an  Assembly.  It  is  note- 
worthy that  in  all  the  provinces  except  Nova  Scotia  and  Quebec  the 
upper  house  has  been  abolished,  *nd^sa  far  apparently  without  any 
defeiment  to  the  public  interesrts.  In  this  respect  there  is  a  divergence 
from  the  constitutional  practice  of  the  United  States,  where  the  old 
British  system  of  two  houses  has  been  rigidly  preserved  in  all  their 
legislative  bodies  ;  but  there  is,  it  must  be  remembered,  a  considerable 
difference  between  the  functions  and  responsibilities  of  a  Canadian 
Legislative  Council,  and  those  of  even  a  State  Senate.  The  latter  is 
ejected  bj'^  the  people,  and  has  powers  hardly  inferior  to  those  of  the 
lower  house,  whereas  the  Legislative  Councils  are  nominated  by  the 
Lieutenant-Governor  in  Council,  while  their  legislative  functions  are  a 
feeble  reproduction  —  even  more  feeble  than  those  of  the  Senate  —  of 
those  of  the  House  of  Lords.  It  may  be  added  here  that  the  necessity 
for  having  an  upper  house  to  revise  and  control  hasty  legislation,  and 
exercise  a  supervision  over  the  acts  of  the  administration,  —  the 
principal  uses  of  an  upper  chamber  under  an  English  parliamentary 
system,  —  is  superseded  to  a  great  extent  in  the  provinces  by  the  fact 


892 


THE  ARENA. 


/ 

t 


c 


to  which   I  shall  presently  refer,  that  the  LieutenanlrGovemors  can 
reserve,  and   the   Governor-General  disallow,  any  act  of  a  provincial 
legislature  which,  after  due  consideration,  has  been  shown  to  be  uncon-   7y\ 
stitutional  or  otherwise  antagonistic  to  the  interests  of  the  Dominion./(  'y<{_J 

The  administration  of  affaii-s  in  each  province,  the  legislatures  of 
which  meet  once  a  year,  is  placed  under  a  Lieutenant-Governor,  appointed 
and  removable  by  the  Governor-General  in  Council.  The  principles  of 
responsible  government  obtain  in  every  province  as  in  the  Dominion. 
The  executive  council,  which  advises  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  holds 
office  only  whilst  it  has  the  confidence  and  support  of  the  majority  in 
the  Assembly,  in  which  the  members  of  the  council  must  always  have 
seats. 

We  come  now  to  consider  the  division  of  powers  between  the 
central  and  provincial  governments;  the  most  important  part  of  the 
constitution,  involving,  as  it  necessarily  does,  the  unity  and  security  of 
the  Dominion.  We  have  already  shown  that  the  general  government 
has  jurisdiction  over  all  questions  which  affect  the  Dominion,  while  the 
provinces  have  jurisdiction  over  mattera  of  a  purely  provincial,  local, 
and  municipal  character.  In  dealing  with  this  important  question  the 
Oanadians  have  endeavored  to  profit  by  the  experience  of  their  Ameri- 
can neighbors,  and  to  frame  their  constitution  so  as  to  avoid  any  danger- 
ous assertion  of  "  State  Rights."  Happily  for  Canada  there  has  been 
no  question  of  slavery  to  divide  one  section  from  another.  No  climatic 
CQuditkma  exist  in  the  Dominion,  as  in  the  United  States,  to  create 
those  differences  of  haUt  and  temperament  which  make  the  Southerners 
practically  a  distinct  people.  What  diversities  of  interest  exist  in  the 
Dominion  arise  from  the  geographical  situation  of  the  Provinces.  We — 
see  on.-th»  seaboard  a  maritime  section,  where  the  people  are  mainly 
engaged  in  mining  or  maritime  pursuits ;  again,  in  the  West,,  a.  great 
prosperous  agrioultwral  and  nianufacturing  community.  In  the  arrange- 
ments of  tariffs  the  peculiar  interests  of  the  diverse  sections  —  especially 
of  the  Maritime  Provinces  —  have  to  be  carefully  considered,  and  are 
no  doubt  at  times  a  cause  of  considerable  perplexity  to  govemmenta 
and  parliaments  ;  but  this  diversity  of  interests  was  not  a  source  of  em- 
barrassment at  the  time  of  the  formation  of  the  constitution.  Neither 
has  any  crucial  difficulty  arisen  from  the  existence  in  one  province  of 
a  large  and  growing  population,  closely  united  in  all  matters  affecting 
their  language  and  institutions.  On  the  contrary,  the  federal  constitu- 
tion is  to  a  large  extent  based  on  principles  favorable  to  the  existence  of 
the  French  Canadians  as  a  distinct  section  of  the  population  of  Canada. 

In  perfecting  the  provisions  of  the  new  constitution,  the  public 
men  of  the  provinces  were  able  to  make  such  a  division  of  powers 
between  the  general  and  provincial  governments  as  was  quite  satisfac- 


-     T>*i-i--- .      . 


m'  -  f '' 


r:»*«rs:si.a»«r» . 


CANADA:   ITS  POLITICAL  DEVELOPMENT  AND  DESTINY. 


893 


r 


tory  at  the  time  to  all  the  provinces.  Availing  themselves  of  the 
experience  of  the  United  States,  they  adopted  at  the  outset  a  principle 
with  respect  to  the  balance  of  power  the  very  reverse  of  that  which 
obtains  in  the  constitution  of  that  country.  In  the  Canadian  constitu- 
tion, the  powers  of  the  provincial  governments  are  distinctly  specified, 
while  those  of  the  general  government  cover  the  whole  ground  of  legis- 
lation not  so  expressly  reserved  to  the  provincial  authorities.  The 
Dominion goyemment^ authorized  in-express  terms  "to make  law» lor 
the  peace,  order,  and  good  government  of  Canada  in  relation  to  all 
matters  not  coming  within  the  classes  by  this  Act  [the  Act  of  Union] 
assigned  exclusively  to  the  legislatures  of  the  provinces  ; "  and  in  addi- 
tion to  this  general  prdvisio  it  is  enacted  that  "  any  matter  coming 
within  any  of  the  classes  bf  subjects  enumerated  in  this  section  [that 
is,  the  section  defining  the  po^rs  of  the  general  parliament]  sliall  not 
be  deemed  to  come  Mrifehin  theNilass  of  mattere  of  a  local  or  private 
nature  comprised  in  the  enumerati\  >  of  the  classes  of  subjects  assigned 
exclusively  to  the  legislatures  of  the' provinces." 

The  object  of  the  foregoing  provision  can  be  clearly  understood 
from  the  language  of  the  astute  Premier  of  Canada,  Sir  John  Macdon- 
ald,  when  he  explained  the  details  of  confederation  to  the  legislature. 
"  We  have  thus  avoided,"  he  said,  "  that  great  source  of  weakness 
which  has  been  the  cause  of  the  disruption  of  the  United  States; 
we  have  avoided  all  conflict  of  jurisdiction  and  authority."  After  an 
experience  of  thirty  years,  it  must  be  acknowledged  that  the  constitu- 
tion has  worked  exceedingly  well  as  a  rule,  but  at  the  same  time  it  is 
evident  that  the  hopes  of  the  Canadian  Premier  were  somewhat  too 
sanguine.  In  fact,  it  is  obviously  impossible,  under  a  written  constitu- 
tion defining  the  respective  powers  of  separate  political  authorities,  to 
prevent  questions  of  doubt  arising  as  to  where  really  rests  the  right  of 
legislation  in  certain  matters.  The  numerous  cases  that  have  already 
come  before  the  courts  of  Canada  and  the  Privy  Council  of  England 
show  how  difficult  it  is  by  mere  words  to  fix  the  legislative  limits  of 
the  central  and  provincial  governments.  It  already  takes  several  vol- 
umes to  comprise  all  the  reports  <mm1  pamphlets  that  have  t^peared  up 
to  this  time  on  this  troublesome  question  of  jurisdiction. 

Questions  relating  to  education  and  separate  schools  —  the  Mani- 
toba school  difficulty,  for  instance  —  and  to  the  religious  and  social 
interests  of  the  two  nationalities  that  possess  Canada,  necessarily  crop 
up  from  time  to  time,  but  so  far  they  have  been  generally  settled  by 
the  judgments  of  the  courts,  to  which  great  respect  is  paid  as  in  all 
countries  of  British  institutions,  and  by  principles  of  compromise  and 
conciliation  on  which  a  federal  system  must  be  more  or  less  based. 
/       The  constitutio'iT  of  Canada  provides  a  means  of  arriving  at  a  solu- 


»,>  Tiri-y  'J';^:jpf  •■ 


r 


894  THE  ARENA. 

tion  of  such  difficulties  as  are  likely  to  arise  from  time  to  time  in  the 
working  of  the  federal  system.  Here  again  the  authors  of  federation 
have  availed  themselves  of  the  experience  of  their  American  neighbors, 
and  have  established  a  Supreme  Court  or  geneml  Court  of  Appeal  for 
Canada,  who^  highest  function  is  to  decide  these  questions  of  jurisdic- 
tion. The  decisions  of  this  court  are  already  doing  mucli  to  solve 
difficulties  that  impede  the  successful  operation  of  the  constitution. 
As  a  rule,  cases  come  before  the  Supreme  Court  on  appeal  from  the 
lower  courts,  but  the  law  regulating  its  powers  provides  that  the  Gov- 
ernor in  Council  may  refer  any  matter  to  this  court  on  which  a  ques- 
tion of  constitutional  jurisdiction  hits  been  raised.  But  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Canada  is  not  the  court  of  lost  resort  for  Canada.  The  peo- 
ple have  an  inherent  right,  as  subjects  of  the  Queen,  to  appeal  to 
the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy  Council  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
Several  cases,  involving  constitutional  issues  of  great  moment,  have 
already  come  before  that  learned  body,  and  on  more  than  one  occasion 
the  decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  have  l)een  revei-sed,  thmtgli  the 
gencrtt^-^^&ulfe-so  far  has  been  to  strengthen  confdence  in  the  Cairadian 
-^bumtil. 

But  it  is  not  only  by  means  of  the  courts  that  a  check  is  imposed 
,  upon  hasty  or  unconstitutional  legislation.     The  constitution  provides 

that  the  Governor-General  may  veto  or  reserve  any  bill  passed  by  the 
two  houses  of  parliament  when  it  conflicts  with  imperial  interests  or 
imperial  legislation.  The  veto,  however,  has  never  been  exercised  in 
the  history  of  Canada,  b«t^it>-was  until  recejitly  the  practice  to  reserve 
for  Her  Majesty's  assent  such  bills  as  ?vfipeared  to  fall  within  certain 
classes  of  subjects  expressly  set  forth  in  the  royal  instructions  to  the 
Governor-General.  Since  confederation,  however,  the  imperial  govern- 
ment has  materially  modified  these  instructions,  because  it  has  been 
deemed  "  inadvisable  that  th^y  should  contiiin  anything  which  could  be 
interpreted  as  limiting  or  defining  the  legislative  powers  conferred  in 
.^1867  on  the  Dominion  Parliament." 

I  It  is  now  understood   that  the   reserved  power  of  disallowance 

I  which  Her  Majesty's  government  possesses  under  the  law  is  sufficient 
to  meet  all  possible  cases.  This  sovereign  power  is  never  exercised 
except  in  the  case  of  an  act  clearly  in  conflict  with  an  imperial  statute 
or  in  violation  of  a  treaty  affecting  a  foreign  nation.  Jn  Jti^e  4)X(Mda.ces 
thet_I^^ifijgJbs®aiifeGo¥cnrorff  tA&y  also  veto  ImIIs  of  iha  legislatuiCj.  or 
reserve  th«ra  for  the  ^onsidcratioft  of  the  Govemor-GeneTalr  in-  Council. 
Itismoteworttty  that-during  the  fii-st  years  of  union  in  the  provinces  of 
Nova  Scotia,  New  Brunswick,  and  Prince  Edward  Island,  the  Lieuten- 
ant-Governors sometimes  withheld  their  assent, — a  power  not  exewased 
by,  the  Crown  in  England  since  the  days   of  Queen  An»e.     In  this 


CANADA:   ITS   POLITICAL  DEVELOPMENT   AND  DESTINY. 


896 


/ 


caoo  thooe-ofllulttlH  exercised  a  power  greater  than  that  of  the  Presi- 
dent or  Goyernors  of  States,  since  the  legisiatnres  cannot,  under  the 
Canadian  constitution,  pass  the  bin  over  the  veto  by  a  two-thirds 
m«3<mtyr  The-^ewer  has  never  beeti  exercised  in  th6  larger  provinces, 
and  though  it  is  of  cpui'se  in  cont'orimty  w^th  the  letter  of  the  law,  it  is 

at  variance  with   the  spirit  and  principle   of  jeaponsible  government. 

The-ex^rcise  of  the  power  is  in  fact  unnecessary,  since  the  constitutioii 
givM  to  tlie  general  government  the  power  of  annulling  such  provincial 
acts  as  are  considered  unconstitutional.  The  Dominion  government 
supervises  all  the  provincial  legislation,  and  has  in  a  few  cases  disal- 
lowed certain  provincial  acts.  This  power  is  exercised  very  carefully, 
as  it  is  regarded  with  intense  jealousy  by  the  provincial  governments, 
which  have  more  than  once  resented  it  and  jttempted  to  set  it  at  defi- 
ance. This  fact  shows  the  delicate  position  ij\  which  the  Dominion 
government  is  placed  in  exercising  a  power  which  gives  it  so  wide  a 
control  over  provincial  legislation.  Any  injustice  or  abuse  of  authority 
would  undoubtedly  lead  to  grave  complications.* 

The  Canadian  constitution,  on  the  whole,  appears  to  be  a  success- 
ful effort  of  statesmanship,  and  well  adapted  to  promote  the  imity  of 
the  Dominion,  if  worked  in  a  spirit  of  compromise  and  conciliation. 
Canada  is  now  governed  by  a  political  system  which  from  the  village  or 
town  council  up  to  the  parliament  of  the  Dominion,  is  intended  to  give 
to  the  people  full  control  over  their  own  affairs.  At  the  base  of  the 
entire  political  organization  lie  those  municipal  institutions  whose  origin 
must  be  sought  in  the  village  communities  of  the  Germanic  tribes. 
Each  province  is  divided  into  distinct  municipal  districts,  whose  purely 
local  affairs  are  governed  by  elected  bodies,  in  accordance  with  a  well 
matured  system  of  law.  Still  higher  up  in  the  body  politic  is  the  prov- 
ince, with  a  government  whose  functions  and  responsibilities  are 
limited  by  the  federal  constitution.  Then  comes  the  general  govern- 
ment to  complete  the  structure  —  to  give  unity  and  harmony  to  the 
whole.  With  a  federal  system  which  gives  due  strength  to  the  central 
authority,  and  at  the  same  time  every  freedom  to  the  provincial  organi- 
zations ;  with  a  judiciary  free  from  popular  influences,  and  distinguished 
for  character  and  learning ;  with  a  public  service  resting  on  the  safe 
tenure  of  good  behavior ;  with  a  people  who  respect  the  laws ;  —  the 
Dominion  of  Canada  must  have  a  bright  career  before  her,  if  her  politi- 
cal development  continues  to  be  promoted  on  the  same  wise  principles/O  > 
that  have  so  far  illustratvcd  her  constitutional  history.       7  *^-7\a/\^ 

The  inquiry  now  naturally  suggests  itself,  Whalmml  be  the  out- 
come of  the  political  development  of  Canada  ?  what  is  the  destiny  in 

I  See  Bonrlnot'B  "  PHrllamentary  Procedure  and^OTernment,'^  iind  ed.,  pp.  81-07,  tor  hlctory 
of  dllBcnltles  that  have  arisen  from  the  exercise  of  this  power. 


896 


THE  ARENA. 


store  for  a  country  showing  so  much  energy  and  enterprise  in  all  ttie 
pursuits  of  industiy,  and  such  adniinvble  capacity  for  self-government  ? 
The  five  millions  of  people  who  now  inhabit  the  Dominion  must  double 
in  number  within  a  decade  or  two,  according  as  the  agricultural  and 
mineral  wealth  of  her  new  territoides  is  developed.  When  many  millions 
of  people  inhabit  a  continuous  chain  of  provinces  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific,  will  they  be  satisfied  with  their  present  position  ?  This  is  a 
question  that  must  ere  long  press  itself  more  and  more  upon  the  atten- 
tion of  statesmen  and  publicists  interested  in  the  unity  of  the  empire. 

How  slight  are  the  ties  that  now  bind  Canada  to  the  parent  state 
is  very  clearly  shown  by  the  fact  that  she  miglit  to-morrow  become  an 
independent  power  without  any  immediate  perceptible  effect  on  the 
prosperity  or  greatness  of  Britain.  For  the  moment  it  would  simply 
mean  that  Her  Majesty's  government  would  have  one  governor  less  to 
appoint  in  her  dominions,  that  the  Judicial  Committee  of  the  Privy 
Council  —  the  supreme  court  of  the  empire  —  would  have  fewer  cases 
of  law  to  decide,  and  that  the  Colonial  Office  would  have  fewer 
despatches  to  write  and  receive  in  future.  The  regiment  that  now 
keeps  up  a  semblance  of  British  rule  in  Halifax  would  be  removed, 
while  the  fleet  would  no  longer  be  bound  to  make  that  port  a  head- 
quarters in  American  waters.  As  far  as  the  commercial  relations  of 
the  two  countries  are  concerned,  —  the  important  point,  probably,  in  the 
opinion  of  many  Englishmen,  —  these  would  not  be  affected  to  any 
marked  degree  by  the  separation  of  the  colony  from  the  parent  state, 
since  the  Dominion  has  for  years  imposed  duties  on  imports  without 
much  consideration  for  British  manufacturing  interests.  Canada  would 
then  be  able  to  make  her  own  treaties  with  foreign  nations  without  any 
reference  to  the  imperial  authorities.  On  the  other  hand,  Canada  would 
have  to  increase  her  expenditures  for  the  purposes  of  national  defence, 
and  of  keeping  up  a  little  staff  of  envoys  and  consuls,  besides  paying 
for  other  privileges  inseparable  from  a  national  existence. 

But  national  aspirations  are  the  natural  outcome  of  the  growth 
and  prosperity  of  a  people.  The  great  forces  which  are  silently  at 
work,  developing  a  national  character,  may  become  more  powerful  as 
the  years  pass  than  the  strong  sentimental  feeling  which  now  binds 
Canada  to  the  parent  state.  It  is  quite  certain,  however,  that  it  would 
be  with  very  great  reluctance  —  probably  from  no  fault  of  her  own  — 
that  Canada  would  sever  the  connection  to  which  she  has  faithfully 
adhered  for  a  century  and  more.  Should  the  time  ever  arrive  for  inde- 
pendence, the  records  of  her  history  will  probably  show  that  she  had 
far  outgrown  a  position  of  mere  colonial  dependency,  and  that  it  was 
not  possible  to  devise  a  plan  which  would  enable  her  to  remain  in  the 
empire  on  terms  compatible  with  her  dignity  and  security. 


■■** ^^^- 


CANADA:   ITS   POLITICAL   DEVELOPMENT   AND  DESTINY. 


897 


Of  course  if  Canada  should  at  any  future  time  be  diHsatisfied  on 
adequate  grounds  with  the  semi-independent  position  she  now  occupies, 
and  begin  seriously  to  consider  the  necessity  for  a  change  in  her  politi- 
cal position,  there  is  always  open  to  her  the  alternative  of  annexation 
to  the  great  republican  power  that  lies  to  her  south.  Some  peraons, 
like  Mr.  Dana  of  the  New  York  Sun  and  his  follower  in  Canada,  Pro- 
fessor Goldwin  Smith,  think  that  the  natural  political  and  commercial 
tendency  of  a  country  situated  like  Canada  must  be  toward  connection 
with  a  people  whose  rapid  development  is  the  most  remarkable  event 
of  the  centuiy.  By  the  time  a  new  century  dawns  there  will  be  over 
eighty  million  people  within  the  bordei-s  of  the  United  States,  and  it 
would  seem  difficult  —  in  the  opinion  of  the  two  annexation  leaders  I 
have  named  —  for  the  Canadian  people  to  resist  the  powerful  hifluences 
that  would  attmct  them  toward  the  rei)ublic.  But  there  is  certainly  no 
evidence  whatever  before  us  just  now  to  lead  us  to  such  a  conclusion. 
Indeed,  we  believe  t^iat  every  year  Avhich  carries  Canada  further  in  her 
career  of  political  and  industrial  develo])ment,  rendei-s  annexation  less 
probable.  We  have  already  shown  that  it  was  different  sixty  years 
ago,  when  Canada  was  relatively  a  poor  and  ill-governed  country. 
Even  under  the  unfavorable  conditions  of  those  unhappy  days  the 
great  mass  of  the  people  did  not  respond  to  the  rebellious  appeals  of 
Papineau,  Nelson,  and  MacKenzie,  but  pieferred  to  trust  to  the  justice 
of  the  imperial  government,  which  soon  recognized  the  mistakes  they 
had  committed  by  being  too  indifferent  to  Canadian  grievances. 

The  effect  of  the  liberal  colonial  policy  of  England  since  1840  has 
been  to  dispel  entirely  all  feelings  of  discontent,  and  to  strengthen  the 
attachment  of  all  classes  of  the  people  to  their  own  country  and  its 
institutions,  and  to  their  connection  with  the  parent  state.  The  confed- 
eration of  the  provinces,  by  enlarging  the  arena  of  political  action  and 
increasing  the  facilities  for  trade  and  commerce,  has  created  a  national 
spirit  among  the  people,  a  laudable  desire,  especially  among  the 
younger  men,  to  build  up  a  new  nationality  to  the  north  of  the  Ameri- 
can republic,  if  possible  in  close  connection  with  Great  Britain.  Of 
course  it  would  be  very  different  if  Canada  were  ill-governed,  were 
her  trade  to  diminish,  and  her  great  Northwest  Territory  to  become  a 
burthen  instead  of  a  source  of  wealth  and  population.  If  during 
the  next  twenty  years  Canadians  should  see  the  failure  of  all  their 
great  schemes  of  internal  development,  probably  a  strong  annexation 
party  would  soon  assert  itself ;  but  at  present  there  is  every  evi- 
dence to  prove  that  confederation  is  a  success,  and  that  the  Canadians 
are  capable  of  working  out  their  political  fortunes  apart  from  the 
Unite'^  States. 

The  national  spirit  that  exists  among  the  Canadian  people  —  a 


898  THE  ARENA. 

sentiment  which  must  increase  with  the  growth  of  population  and 
wealth  —  is  naturally  intensified  by  the  history  of  the  relations  between 
them  and  the  United  States  during  this  century.*  The  history  of  the 
War  of  1812-15,  a  conflict  remarkable  for  the  patriotism  exliibited  by 
all  classes  of  the  Canadians  ;  the  raids  of  ruffians  across  the  frontier 
after  the  rebellion  of  1837-8  ;  the  "  Ashburton  capitulation/*  which 
handed  over  so  large  a  portion  of  Brit'.jh  territory,  which  would  be  now 
invaluable  to  Canada,  as  a  result  of  the  indifference  of  Ashburton  and 
the  skilful  manipulation  of  Webster ;  the  repeal  of  the  Reciprocity 
Ti-eaty  of  1854-65,  largely  through  the  belief  that  it  would  hasten 
annexation  to  the  United  States,  though  it  had  tlie  veiy  contrary  effect ; 
the  shameless  Fenian  raids  which  were  at  first  winked  at  by  the  Ameri- 
can authorities,  and  for  which  Canada  to  this  hour  has  never  been 
indemnified;  the  apparently  fixed  determination  of  certain  dominant 
cliques  of  politicians  to  prevent  anything  like  a  fair  measure  of  reci- 
procity ;  the  unjust  alien  labor  laws  wliich  forbid  respectable  Canadians 
from  entering  the  Union  and  shut  out  even  a  superior  class  of  female 
nurses  from  attendance  on  the  ill  and  dying  in  hospitals  and  charitable 
institutions;  the  insults  of  men  like  Dana  and  Smith  to  Canada 
and  its  institutions ;  —  all  these  are  among  the  reasons  which  naturally 
tend  to  show  Canadians  how  little  generosity  and  fairness  they  can 
expect  from  dominant  influences  among  their  neighbors,  and  help  to 
weld  more  closely  together  all  classes  of  the  Canadian  people  and 
strengthen  their  confederation. 

Canadians  believe,  however,  that  the  cultured  and  most  enlightened 
class  of  the  American  people  do  not  sympathize  with  such  illibei-ality  as 
is  constantly  shown  by  the  words  and  acts  of  leading  politicians  in  their 
dealings  with  the  Dominion,  but  reciprocate  the  kindly  sentiment  which 
animates  its  people  and  leads  them  to  desire  the  most  friendly  and  the 
fullest  commercial  relations  with  their  neighbors  as  long  as  they  are 
compatible  with  their  security  as  a  separate  national  entity  and  as  an 
integral  portion  of  the  British  Empire.  Unhappily  for  Canada  the  gen- 
erous and  just  opinions  of  this  intelligent  and  cultured  class  of  citizens 
have  not  always  prevailed  in  the  past  with  the  powers  that  dominate 
Congress  and  government  at  Washington. 

Throughout  Canada  as  well  as  Great  Britain  there  is  an  influential, 
able  body  of  men,  —  more  conspicuous  for  their  abilities  than  their 
number,  so  far,  — who  ardently  desire  "to  secure  by  federation  the  per- 
mament  unity  of  the  empire."  This  scheme  of  federation  is  "  not  to 
interfere  with  the  existing  rights  of  local  parliaments  as  regai-ds  local 
affairs,"   but  to  combine  "on  an  equitable  basis  the  resources  of  the 

1 1  hftve  already  treated  these  qaestlons  at  length  in  the  Papers  of  the  American  Historical 
AsgoclRt'on  (Washtngpton,  1891),  and  the  qtuxrierJy  Rerietc  (I-opdon,  April,  1891), 


CANADA:    ITS   I'OLITICAL   DEVELOPMENT   AND  DESTINY.         899 

empire  for  tht  maintenance  of  common  interests  and  adequately  provide 
for  an  organized  defence  '>f  common  rights." 

The  feJemtion  of  the  empire  is  a  scheme  certainly  calculated  by 
its  imperial  Hcope  to  strike  the  imagination  of  the  political  enthusiast. 
It  is  a  scheme  which  has  been  dreamed  of  by  stitesmen  and  students 
since  the  days  of  Otis  and  Burke.  Its  realization,  however,  is  sur- 
rounded with  the  gravest  difficulties,  which  appear  insuperable  to  some 
practical  statesmen,  to  whom  it  is  yet  a  novel  question  brought  into 
prominence  within  a  few  years.  A  federation  of  the  empire,  in  the 
broadest  sense  of  the  phrase,  means  the  creation  of  an  imperial  parlia- 
ment, which  may  legislate  for  the  general  purposes  of  the  empire,  and 
the  establishment  or  continuance  of  legislatures  in  each  country  or 
dependency  to  legislate  for  local  and  minor  objects.  Before  this  can  be 
realized,  England  must  be  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  reconstructing 
her  constitutional  system  in  vital  particulars,  of  gmnting  legislatures  to 
Scotland  and  Ireland,  of  establishing  a  Supreme  Court  to  adjudicate  on 
the  questions  which  would  inevitably  arise  in  the  legal  construction  of 
the  written  constitution  which  must  bind  together  the  federation.  On 
the  other  hand,  Canada  would  have  to  make  radical  changes  in  her 
federal  system  so  as  to  adapt  it  to  the  new  order  of  things. 

It  is  quite  evident  that,  while  floating  through  the  minds  of  the 
advocates  of  imperial  federation  there  has  been  a  vague  idea  of  the 
desirability  and  necessity  of  imperial  unity,  no  one  has  yet  been  able  to 
outline  a  plan  which  has  a  practical  basis  of  action.  Sir  John  Macdonald, 
the  ablest  statesman  who  ever  presided  over  the  destinies  of  Canada, 
who  was  a  thorough  imijeiialist,  fiankly  confessed  that  Canada  could 
not  in  any  way  lessen  or  impair  her  present  admirable  system  of  home 
government.  Whilst  doubting  the  practicability  of  the  idea  of  a  feder- 
ation of  the  empire,  in  the  wide  sense  generally  given  it,  he  appeared  to 
think  that  some  scheme  could  be  devised  to  give  Canada  a  higher 
status  in  the  world,  and  at  the  same  time  enable  her  to  remain  associ- 
ated with  the  empire  for  certain  common  objects,  and  for  defence  par- 
ticularly. This  opinion  is  now  generally  entertained  by  many  able  and 
influential  Englishmen  and  Canadians. 

Most  important  results  no  doubt  must  be  attained  eventually  by 
the  frequent  holding  of  such  intercolonial  conferences  as  have  been 
already  held  in  London  and  Ottawa,  —  notably  that  at  Ottawa,  where 
three  years  ago  there  were  representatives  of  all  the  most  important 
self-gc  verning  colonies  of  Great  Britain,  —  conferences  which  it  is  now 
proposed  to  continue  during  the  present  year,  when  the  empire  will 
joyfully  celebrate  the  diamond  jubilee  of  the  Queen,  during  whose  reign 
the  dependencies  of  the  crown  have  made  such  remarkable  progress  in 
wealth  and  self-government.    It  will  be  a  happy  thing  if  a  solution  can 


900  THE  AKENA. 

be  reached  by  this  meaiiH  of  tlie  problems  that  now  interest  all  British 
and  Colonial  statcsiuLii  and  thiukei-s,  who  are  anxious  for  tlie  unity  and 
security  of  the  empire  at  huge. 

The  success  which  has  so  far  attended  the  efforts  of  the  Canadian 
people  to  develoi)  their  niatciial  resources  and  place  their  system  of 
government  on  a  stable  fouiulation,  leads  us  to  entertain  the  most  san- 
guine hopes  as  to  the  future  of  their  country.  For  a  century  they 
have  successfully  resistt-il  all  the  iiilluences  which  might  be  supposed 
\)  draw  them  iloser  to  the  I'liitcd  States,  and,  hi  tlie  face  of  not  a  few 
obstacles,  have  stendily  laltnicd  to  strengthen  their  j)osition  to  the  north 
of  the  Anieiicaii  ic'[)ublic.  Step  by  step  they  are  working  their  way 
over  the  prairies  and  mountains  of  the  continent  towards  the  Pacific 
Ocean;  building  railways  and  forming  new  provinces,  ere  long  to  be 
filled  up  by  an  industrious  and  sturdy  popidation  like  that  which  has 
achieved  such  satisfactory  results  in  old  Canada  and  in  the  provinces 
by  the  sea.  If  they  cf)ntinue  during  a  few  decades  more  to  be  ani- 
mated by  the  same  i»id)lic  s[iirit  that  has  distinguished  their  efforts 
since  the  connnencenient  of  confederation,  Canada  will  be  able  to 
assume  a  much  more  consjiicuous  ])osition  among  the  free  communities 
of  the  world,  and  may  prove  a  formidable  rival  even  of  the  United 
States  in  the  great  work  wliich  both  have  to  accomplish  on  the  conti- 
nent of  America.  And  it  is  asi^nrodl/  the  earnest  desire  3f  Canadians 
as  well  ius  Englishmen  that  if,  when  that  time  comes,  a  large  scheme  of 
federation  —  and  many  distinguished  thinkers  still  cling  to  that  grand 
idea  —  is  clearly  impracticable,  there  may  exist  at  least  such  an  alli- 
ance or  connection  between  Canada  and  the  parent  state  as  will  give 
greater  security  to  both,  and  afford  to  the  world  the  interesting  spec- 
tacle of  a  people  who  owe  to  Great  Britain  their  free  institutions  never 
forgetting  in  the  fulness  of  their  strength  and  prosjjerity  the  land  of 
their  origin,  but  still  bound  to  her  by  the  closest  ties  of  interest,  sym- 
pathy, and  affection,  and  ever  ready  to  lend  her  material  assistance  in 
the  hour  of  need. 

House  of  Commons,  Ottawa. 


^■■i!*<P«<i*f"^P"f^ 


mmmi  BEtR  is  famous  pabst  has  madl  it  so 


CAN  YOU  SLEEl»  ? 

Homely  Uiifwu|K»  Uiw  a 
homdy  girl*  nuy  m  m  Ukimf 
Iwitccl  fey  dl^  tatcOiMan  u 
to  bcoomc  positively  fudoat- 
ing.  Wh«a  wc  mv*  Tvc  had 
»  gooa  lup^*  iff  honicly*  but 
mv,  docM^t  H  mean  a  Ml 

Many  can't  itoqp  don't 
even  know  what  a  food  nap 
k.  Theic  weary  ones  tOM» 
turn  and  agonlcc»  weaf  out 
their  braim  and  bodia>— a  mo- 
leai  waite  of  energy  and  Hie. 

Pafeit  Malt  Kxtract,  the 
" Best"  Tonic  wiU  brinff  ilccp 
to  yov— you  will  nettle  to 
slumber  ttke  a  tired  child* 
TalEc  a  glass  Just  before  going 
to  bed.  and  in  ten  minoto  you 
win  orowsily  go  to  Slumber- 
knd.  After  a  weA  or  so» 
dsep  will  come  natttrally»  and 
you  won't  need  the  Toiric* 

Health*  strength  and  mental 
calmness  come  also  to  help  the 
weak*  the  weary  and  the 
heavy-laden*  for 

PABST  BilALT  EXTRACT 


The 


Tode. 


NEVER  FAILS  TO  INSURE 

SLEEP. 
My  ivife  beiBR  is  a  low  tt^  ot 

iMlth  haa  reociited  tafrkad  bene- 
t  from  Pnbat  Malt  Eztnust.  ^  It 
never  fails  to  aeonre  a  niKhta 
8)««p  for  her  wb«n  she  twaa  it, 
from  bwing. tireil  and  narTOjis< 
J.  H.  SHERMAN,  M.  D. 
Boatdn,  Maas.,  Oct.  lOth,  18M 


PERFECTION     i 
IN  BREWING  IS  I 

REACHED  IN  AMERICA 


•5 

■V, 
■ 

1 


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?'^-''3ifm.^i3l^iB^':Ci^i»^^-m^M-''-'^: "  .■'■' 


'.tMMGttMUBKMyaai^ 


.■.■.,.»i-'*if 


lafli  ilitt  #•<*  tt«  *?£  ^^ 
S  iSioi  TO  i«.  vw»  TO| 

mftOAKA  f  AlXt. 
timm^  riMphw-cw.  <««»  '•••'^  ^'*'*' 

srqr^w  wvsuw  AT  mmjmia 
rAoa  nmota  tp  ten  day*. 


^  B.  MoOtUMi,  G#«.  EMt  Aft. 


HP't       " 

¥:r 

B^j£  j"-^ 

miB, 

K> 

k^^i^gj^i,i»«'ltiu*iwt  ipmf^  ^ 


w  !•■'  '.^ 


■» 


^v-' 


*•       *V.  J, 


Ji*  '  > 


lit: 


I 


